SS64.com | Linux, MacOS, CMD, CLI
Accept user choices via keyboard input :: select
Add a user security group :: groupadd
Alter priority of running processes :: renice
Arbitrary precision calculator language :: bc
Archive files with compression :: rar
Base32 encode/decode data and print to standard output :: base32
Base64 encode/decode data and print to standard output :: base64
Briefly list directory contents :: dir
Browse or page through a text file :: most
Capture an X server screen and save the image to file :: import
Change access permissions :: chmod
Change Directory :: cd
Change file attributes on a Linux file system :: chattr
Change file owner and group :: chown
Change file timestamps :: touch
Change group ownership :: chgrp
Check file name portability :: pathchk
Clear the terminal screen/console (bash) :: clear_console
Clear the terminal screen/console (ncurses) :: clear
Colour setup for 'ls' :: dircolors
Command History :: history
Comment / Remark :: ###
Compare two files :: cmp
Compare two sorted files line by line :: comm
Compress or decompress .xz and .lzma files :: xz
Compress or decompress named file(s) :: bzip2
Compress or decompress named file(s) :: gzip
Compute and check MD5 message digest :: md5sum
Compute and check SHA256 (256-bit) checksums :: sha256sum
Concatenate and print (display) the content of files :: cat
Conditionally perform a command :: case
Conditionally perform a command :: if
Configure a network interface :: ifconfig
Convert a full pathname to just a path :: dirname
Convert spaces to tabs :: unexpand
Convert tabs to spaces :: expand
Convert the character set of a file :: iconv
Convert units from one scale to another :: units
Copy files and set attributes :: install
Copy files between two machines :: rcp
Copy files to and from archives :: cpio
Copy one or more files to another location :: cp
Create a function variable • :: local
Create a hybrid ISO9660/JOLIET/HFS filesystem :: mkisofs
Create a link to a file :: link
Create a symbolic link to a file :: ln
Create an alias • :: alias
Create new folder(s) :: mkdir
Create new user account :: useradd
Daemon to execute scheduled commands :: cron
Data Duplicator - convert and copy a file, write disk headers, boot records :: dd
Data recovery tool :: ddrescue
Declare variables and give them attributes • :: declare
Decode a file created by uuencode :: uudecode
Define Function Macros :: function
Delay for a specified time :: sleep
Delete a group :: groupdel
Delete a print job :: lprintd
Delete a user account :: userdel
Describe a command • :: type
Desk Calculator :: dc
Determine file type :: file
Display a calendar :: cal
Display disk usage and limits :: quota
Display file or file system status :: stat
Display free disk space :: df
Display help for a built-in command • :: help
Display lines beginning with a given string :: look
Display list of remembered directories :: dirs
Display memory usage :: free
Display message on screen • :: echo
Display or change the date & time :: date
Display output one screen at a time :: less
Display output one screen at a time :: more
Display the differences between two files :: diff
Divide a file into several parts :: cut
DNS lookup :: dig
Do nothing, successfully :: TRUE
Do nothing, unsuccessfully :: FALSE
Eject removable media :: eject
Enable and disable builtin shell commands • :: enable
Encode a binary file :: uuencode
Environment variables :: env
Estimate file space usage :: du
Ethernet card settings :: ethtool
Evaluate a conditional expression :: test
Evaluate expressions :: expr
Evaluate several commands/arguments :: eval
Execute a command :: exec
Execute a command as another user :: sudo
Execute a command when the shell receives a signal • :: trap
Execute commands :: while
Execute commands (until error) :: until
Execute utility, passing constructed argument list(s) :: xargs
Execute/display a program periodically :: watch
Exit a login shell • :: logout
Exit a shell function :: return
Exit from a loop • :: break
Exit the shell :: exit
Expand words, and execute commands :: for
Extract files from a rar archive :: unrar
File system consistency check and repair :: fsck
File Transfer Protocol :: ftp
Find and Replace text within file(s) :: gawk
Find and Replace text, database sort/validate/index :: awk
Find files :: locate
Find files :: slocate
Format and print data • :: printf
Format disks or tapes :: format
Generate random permutations :: shuf
Get file access control lists :: getfacl
GNU Bourne-Again SHell :: bash
Help manual :: man
Identify/kill the process that is accessing a file :: fuser
Interactive process viewer :: htop
Join lines on a common field :: join
Kill a process by specifying its PID :: kill
Kill processes by name :: killall
Kill processes by name :: pkill
Limit user resources • :: ulimit
Line printer control program :: lpc
List active jobs • :: jobs
List all PCI devices :: lspci
List block devices :: lsblk
List cached Kerberos tickets :: klist
List file attributes on a Linux second extended file system :: lsattr
List information about file(s) :: ls
List open files :: lsof
List processes by name :: pgrep
List processes running on the system :: top
List the print queue :: lprintq
List users currently logged in :: users
Low-level format a floppy disk :: fdformat
Make a file :: mkfile
Make a hexdump or do the reverse :: xxd
Make a temporary file :: mktemp
Make block or character special files :: mknod
Make FIFOs (named pipes) :: mkfifo
Manipulate MS-DOS files :: mtools
Manipulate shell variables and functions :: set
Mark variables/functions as readonly :: readonly
Mass Move and rename (files) :: mmv
Measure Program running time :: time
Merge lines of files :: paste
Merge two files interactively :: sdiff
Modify a group :: groupmod
Modify a user password :: passwd
Modify user account :: usermod
Monitor the progress of data through a pipe :: pv
Mount a file system :: mount
Move or rename files or directories :: mv
Multiplex terminal, run remote shells via ssh :: screen
Netcat, read and write data across networks :: nc
Network diagnostics (traceroute/ping) :: mtr
Networking connections/stats :: netstat
nftables for packet filtering and classification :: nft
Number lines and write files :: nl
Open a file in its default application :: open
Open a file or URL in the user’s preferred application. :: xdg-open
Operator access :: op
Output the first part of file(s) :: head
Output the last part of a file :: tail
Package and compress (archive) files :: zip
Package manager (Debian/Ubuntu). :: dpkg
Parse positional parameters :: getopts
Partition table manipulator for Linux :: cfdisk
Partition table manipulator for Linux :: fdisk
Perform arithmetic on shell variables • :: let
Performance analysis tools for Linux :: Perf
Prepare files for printing :: pr
Print a checksum for a file :: sum
Print a file :: lprint
Print a string until interrupted :: yes
Print all usernames currently logged in :: who
Print byte, word, and line counts :: wc
Print CRC checksum and byte counts :: cksum
Print current login name :: logname
Print environment variables :: printenv
Print filename of terminal on stdin :: tty
Print files :: lpr
Print group names a user is in :: groups
Print kernel & driver messages :: dmesg
Print numeric sequences :: seq
Print or set system name :: hostname
Print system information :: uname
Print the current user id and name ('id -un') :: whoami
Print user and group id’s :: id
Print Working Directory :: pwd
Printer capability database :: printcap
Process status :: ps
Query Internet name servers interactively :: nslookup
ram disk device :: ram
Read a line from standard input • :: read
Read from stdin into an array variable • :: readarray
Read lines from standard input into an indexed array variable • :: mapfile
Reboot the system :: reboot
Recompile a group of programs :: make
Redirect output to multiple files :: tee
Reformat paragraph text :: fmt
Remember the full pathname of a name argument :: hash
Remote file copy (Synchronize file trees) :: rsync
Remove an alias • :: unalias
Remove files :: rm
Remove folder(s) :: rmdir
Remove jobs from the print queue :: lprm
Remove variable or function names :: unset
Rename files :: rename
Report CPU and i/o statistics :: iostat
Report virtual memory statistics :: vmstat
Restore the previous value of the current directory :: popd
Resume the next iteration of a loop • :: continue
Retrieve web pages or files via HTTP, HTTPS or FTP :: wget
Return the context of any active subroutine call • :: caller
Reverse lines of a file :: rev
Routing, devices and tunnels :: ip
Run a command - ignoring shell functions • :: command
Run a command immune to hangups :: nohup
Run a command script in the current shell :: .
Run a command with a different root directory :: chroot
Run a command with a time limit :: timeout
Run a shell builtin :: builtin
Run commands from a file '.' • :: source
Run the last command again :: !!
Save and then change the current directory :: pushd
Scan a file system for disk usage :: quotacheck
Schedule a command to run at a later time :: crontab
Schedule a command to run once at a particular time :: at
Search file(s) for lines that match a fixed string :: fgrep
Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern :: grep
Search file(s) for lines that match an extended expression :: egrep
Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu) :: apt
Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu) :: apt-get
Search for and install software packages (Debian/Ubuntu) :: aptitude
Search for files that meet a desired criteria :: find
Search Help manual pages (man -k) :: apropos
Search the user’s $path for a program file :: which
Search the user’s $path, man pages and source files for a program :: whereis
Secure copy (remote file copy) :: scp
Secure File Transfer Program :: sftp
Secure Shell client (remote login program) :: ssh
Send a message to another user :: write
Send desktop notifications :: notify-send
Send job to foreground :: fg
Send to background :: bg
Set an environment variable :: export
Set file access control lists. :: setfacl
Set or display readline key and function bindings • :: bind
Set tabs on a terminal :: tabs
Set terminal-dependent capabilities, color, position :: tput
Set the priority of a command or job :: nice
Shell Options :: shopt
Shift positional parameters :: shift
Show differences among three files :: diff3
Show uptime :: uptime
Show who is logged on and what they are doing :: w
Shutdown or restart Linux :: shutdown
Socket Statistics :: ss
Sort text files :: sort
Spell Checker :: aspell
Split a file into context-determined pieces :: csplit
Split a file into fixed-size pieces :: split
Start a network interface up :: ifup
Start a new process in the background :: &
Stop a network interface :: ifdown
Store, list or extract files in an archive :: tar
Stream Editor :: sed
Strip directory and suffix from filenames :: basename
Substitute user identity :: su
Suspend execution of this shell • :: suspend
Synchronize data on disk with memory :: sync
Synchronize remote files via email :: remsync
System services (runlevel) :: chkconfig
Terminal multiplexer :: tmux
Test a network connection :: ping
Text Editor :: vi
Topological sort :: tsort
Trace Route to Host :: traceroute
Trace system calls and signals :: strace
Transfer data from or to a server :: curl
Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters :: tr
Uniquify files :: uniq
UNIX to Windows or MAC text file format converter :: unix2dos
Unmount a device :: umount
Unpack shell archive scripts :: unshar
Update passwords in batch mode :: chpasswd
User and system times :: times
Users file creation mask :: umask
Verbosely list directory contents ('ls -l -b') :: v
Verbosely list directory contents ('ls -l -b') :: vdir
Wait for a process to complete • :: wait
Windows/MAC to UNIX text file format converter :: dos2unix
Wrap text to fit a specified width :: fold